The Japanese journal of neuropsychology

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ArticleTitle	Clinical application of neurofeedback for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Language	J
AuthorList	Bun Yamagata
Affiliation	Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine
Publication	Japanese Journal of Neuropsychology: 38 (2), 137-143, 2022
Received
Accepted
Abstract	The effects of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-neurofeedback on brain activation and behaviors have been studied extensively in the past. However, the practicability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a major advantage over fMRI and EEG: it is easier to use, portable, safe, nearly silent, inexpensive, and requires little setup time. Moreover, NIRS measurements tolerate more head motion compared to EEG and fMRI measurements. This makes it possible to use NIRS in more naturalistic environments/situations (e.g., allowing neural activity to be recorded during overt speech, movement, and direct interaction with another person). Given the advantages of NIRS over other neuroimaging modalities, this technique has been increasingly used as a tool for neurofeedback. During neurofeedback training, participants are trained to self-regulate their brain activity, generally with the ultimate goal of changing behavior or cognitive/emotional functions. Drug therapy or social skill training are common treatments for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their effects are limited. Therefore, NF research has been actively conducted for developmental disorders in Japan and overseas, and it is attracting attention as a new treatment method for ADHD. In this article, I would like to outline the NF researches in ADHD to date and report our results of the ongoing NIRS-based NF research in adult ADHD.
Keywords	neurofeedback, ADHD, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)